This is not a regular column and thus doesn't follow the one published yesterday. Its purpose is to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Mankind’s first footstep on the Moon and inspire all generations to follow in kind.
I will always remember where I stood at 10H56 PM EDT on July 20 1969. Only 18 at the time, I had just finished my evening shift as a lifeguard at St-Helen Island pools. With a few friends, I walked to the nearby Man and his World exposition, the aftermath of EXPO 67. On Notre-Dame Island, between the British and French pavilions, expo authorities had erected a giant screen for visitors to witness live Mankind’s first step on the Moon.
Then and there, it struck me that a generation 20 years younger had brought Mankind to the Moon. I was overwhelmed by the feeling that I was part of new generation, the baby-boomers, for which the sky was literally the limit. I’m proud to be from a generation that had, and still has, the feeling we could do anything and, above all, the will to go ahead and do it.
Yes there are problems in our world today; but there were problems in the world then, the Vietnam War and the Cold War’s nuclear sword of Damocles to name but these two. We have overcome these problems, not because we were lucky, not because we were smarter, but because we never gave up. Another world for problem is challenge. We have our creativity, we have the know-how, we have the technology, and what we do not have we can invent. So just go ahead and do it and don’t stop trying until you’ve either succeeded or deceased.
Monday, July 20, 2009
Sunday, July 19, 2009
Origins of the computer, the analog calculator
Absorbed by my next book, Consommation et technologie (Consumption and Technology), due out this fall (in French only for now), by my daily microblog on Twitter and by other publishing activities, amongst which an article titled « Le luxe de 1950 à 2020 : une nouvelle géoéconomie des acteurs » (Luxury from 1950 to 2020: a new geo-economics of actors) in the GÉOÉCONOMIE journal, I am forced to space out the columns of my blog, through lack of sufficient time. I beg you to forgive me.
Contrary to what I wrote at the end of my last column, this one will not be devoted to technological development of air weaponry in the United States. Pursuit of a series such as the one about war technologies, which began June 6, must be more sustained; I must interrupt it. I may take it up again one day.
Today I will give you a glimpse of my next book’s content, by talking about the origins of the computer. Two very different types exist: analog and digital. Let us begin with the analog computer.
It’s a mechanical data management device «expressed through physical measurements (for example, intensities, tensions or hydraulic pressures) », whose gear work is driven by electric motors or hydraulic pistons. The Chinese abacus and the slide rule formerly used by engineers are examples of manually operated analog «computers». Vannevar Bush, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was the first to develop the first functional analog computer in 1931; he called it «continuous integraph», later renamed «differential analyzer».
The «differential analyzer» is a huge machine that uses the ten digits of the decimal system rather than the binary system of today’s computers; it’s one of Bush’s student, Claude Shannon, who suggests in his master dissertation the practical application of Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic to electrical circuits, work on the «differential analyzer» having led him to look for ways to improve the device, by replacing the wheels with electric circuits amongst others.
During World War II, the Norden bombsight which equipped USAF bombers uses an analog computer to calculate the point of impact of bombs. Until the 1960s, perhaps even the 1970s, banks have used electromechanical calculators using Bush’s analog computer concept. Digital machines subsequently relegated these first computers to history’s oubliettes.
Bush is nonetheless visionary. In «As We May Think» an article published in 1945 in «The Atlantic», he foresees the dominance of digital programmable computers over their analog cousins: «The advanced arithmetical machines of the future will be electrical in nature, and they will perform at 100 times present speeds, or more [...] they will select their own data and manipulate it in accordance with the instructions thus inserted. » Bush recognizes the advantages of digital calculators and programming languages developed during the Second World War.
In my next column, I will continue with digital computers.
Contrary to what I wrote at the end of my last column, this one will not be devoted to technological development of air weaponry in the United States. Pursuit of a series such as the one about war technologies, which began June 6, must be more sustained; I must interrupt it. I may take it up again one day.
Today I will give you a glimpse of my next book’s content, by talking about the origins of the computer. Two very different types exist: analog and digital. Let us begin with the analog computer.
It’s a mechanical data management device «expressed through physical measurements (for example, intensities, tensions or hydraulic pressures) », whose gear work is driven by electric motors or hydraulic pistons. The Chinese abacus and the slide rule formerly used by engineers are examples of manually operated analog «computers». Vannevar Bush, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was the first to develop the first functional analog computer in 1931; he called it «continuous integraph», later renamed «differential analyzer».
The «differential analyzer» is a huge machine that uses the ten digits of the decimal system rather than the binary system of today’s computers; it’s one of Bush’s student, Claude Shannon, who suggests in his master dissertation the practical application of Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic to electrical circuits, work on the «differential analyzer» having led him to look for ways to improve the device, by replacing the wheels with electric circuits amongst others.
During World War II, the Norden bombsight which equipped USAF bombers uses an analog computer to calculate the point of impact of bombs. Until the 1960s, perhaps even the 1970s, banks have used electromechanical calculators using Bush’s analog computer concept. Digital machines subsequently relegated these first computers to history’s oubliettes.
Bush is nonetheless visionary. In «As We May Think» an article published in 1945 in «The Atlantic», he foresees the dominance of digital programmable computers over their analog cousins: «The advanced arithmetical machines of the future will be electrical in nature, and they will perform at 100 times present speeds, or more [...] they will select their own data and manipulate it in accordance with the instructions thus inserted. » Bush recognizes the advantages of digital calculators and programming languages developed during the Second World War.
In my next column, I will continue with digital computers.
Sunday, June 28, 2009
War technologies: the Royal Air Force
1940: The Blitzkrieg allows Hitler to conquer France in 6 weeks. In May, France capitulates and in June the British Expeditionary Force withdraws hastily at Dunkirk, abandoning most of its military equipment. England is alone, but luckily for her, has an ace up her sleeve: the Royal Air Force (RAF).
In the 1930s, England worries about maintaining an air force capable of defending the kingdom against all attack from the European continent, a sort of air parity. It draws on expertise developed by aircraft manufacturers while participating to the Schneider Cup events: «Jacques Schneider, one of the legendary Le Creusot dynasty, was among those who, in the inter-war years, strongly believed in the future of seaplanes. Convinced that the seaplane was the aircraft best suited to long range air travel, he sought to stimulate development through a cup that will remain the symbol of an era in aviation history. The Schneider Cup will not only be responsible for the creation of legendary aircraft, with superb lines and dazzling performances, such as the Bernard HV-220, the Macchi MC 72 or the Supermarine S6. It will also greatly contribute to significant progress. Besides the development of V-engines, it will impose the low-wing monoplane design for fast aircraft. There is no doubt that the experience gained by Reginald Mitchell and Henry Royce in their quest for the Schneider Cup has been profitable in the creation of an aircraft that will later become well known: the Supermarine Spitfire. » (Aerostories Web site)
The Luftwaffe's (German Air Force) demise during the famous Battle of Britain, from July 10 to October 31 1940, forces Hitler to abandon his plan of an amphibious assault on the English coast; the excellence British fighter aircraft, the Hurricane and the most recent Spitfire, coupled to the courage of RAF pilots saves England from German invasion. In a speech to the House of Commons on 20 August 20 1940, these events led Prime Minister Winston Churchill to say: «Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. »
In my next column, I'll review technological development of air weaponry in the United States.
In the 1930s, England worries about maintaining an air force capable of defending the kingdom against all attack from the European continent, a sort of air parity. It draws on expertise developed by aircraft manufacturers while participating to the Schneider Cup events: «Jacques Schneider, one of the legendary Le Creusot dynasty, was among those who, in the inter-war years, strongly believed in the future of seaplanes. Convinced that the seaplane was the aircraft best suited to long range air travel, he sought to stimulate development through a cup that will remain the symbol of an era in aviation history. The Schneider Cup will not only be responsible for the creation of legendary aircraft, with superb lines and dazzling performances, such as the Bernard HV-220, the Macchi MC 72 or the Supermarine S6. It will also greatly contribute to significant progress. Besides the development of V-engines, it will impose the low-wing monoplane design for fast aircraft. There is no doubt that the experience gained by Reginald Mitchell and Henry Royce in their quest for the Schneider Cup has been profitable in the creation of an aircraft that will later become well known: the Supermarine Spitfire. » (Aerostories Web site)
The Luftwaffe's (German Air Force) demise during the famous Battle of Britain, from July 10 to October 31 1940, forces Hitler to abandon his plan of an amphibious assault on the English coast; the excellence British fighter aircraft, the Hurricane and the most recent Spitfire, coupled to the courage of RAF pilots saves England from German invasion. In a speech to the House of Commons on 20 August 20 1940, these events led Prime Minister Winston Churchill to say: «Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. »
In my next column, I'll review technological development of air weaponry in the United States.
Sunday, June 14, 2009
War technologies: the Blitzkrieg
If at the end of the First World War, France has a powerful air force, such is not the case in September 1939; inconsistencies in government policies, misunderstanding of aviation's strategic and tactical importance by the high command and insufficient production capacity of national aircraft manufacturers prevents France from rebuilding an air force capable of facing the challenges of the day (T. Vivier, La politique aéronautique militaire de la France, Janvier 1933 – Septembre 1939, Paris , L’Harmattan, 1997). The fighter plane most used by the French Air Force is the Morane-Saulnier 406, inferior to the German Messerschmitt 109. Despite their heroic efforts, French aviators are unable to effectively oppose bombing from the Luftwaffe's (German Air Force) attack aircraft, the drearily notorious Stukas. It is one of the factors that explains the success of the «lightning war» (Blitzkrieg) developed by Hitler's High Command : «The combination of Stuka dive bombers and Panzer [German tank) forces quickly secured victory» (D. Mondey (dir. publ.), J. Liron, J.W. Dennison, K. Munson et P. Pletschacher pour l’édition originale 1977, A. Hérubel (dir. publ.) et J.A. Rabet pour l’adaptation française, Encyclopédie de l’aviation, Compagnie internationale du livre, 1980, p. 151). This is what allowed invasion of Poland in a month and later of France in six weeks.
«Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, it was forbidden for Germany to maintain an air force, but she was entitled to a Ministry of Defence which featured a small air staff. German aircraft manufacturers designed a range of airliners and of training and liaison aircraft which later served as prototypes for bombers, fighters and assault planes. The national airline, the Lufthansa, provided flight training and spirit was maintained through air sports: gliding and motor flight. When Hitler came to power in 1933, he launched a massive rearmament starting with the Luftwaffe» (Ibid., p. 150).
«Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, it was forbidden for Germany to maintain an air force, but she was entitled to a Ministry of Defence which featured a small air staff. German aircraft manufacturers designed a range of airliners and of training and liaison aircraft which later served as prototypes for bombers, fighters and assault planes. The national airline, the Lufthansa, provided flight training and spirit was maintained through air sports: gliding and motor flight. When Hitler came to power in 1933, he launched a massive rearmament starting with the Luftwaffe» (Ibid., p. 150).
Saturday, June 6, 2009
War technologies: introduction
Today, we celebrate the 65th anniversary of the Normandy landings (D-Day) which mark the beginning of the reconquest of Europe by the Allies. I believe it is only fitting, indeed essential, to have a thought for the thousands of women and men who have given their lives to repel the invader and to reconquer occupied territories. It is also the opportunity for me to begin a series of columns on the technologies of war. But first, let's begin with a bit of history.
The late thirties see the Great Depression, which lasted for the better part of the decade, subside little by little. Western democracies focus on how to kick start their respective economies; therefore they primarily aim to maintain peace in Europe and, in doing so, show tolerance for Hitler. The annexation of Austria resulting from the 1938 Anschluss, is Germany's first step to expand the boundaries imposed by the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War. At a conference in Munich in September 1938, in an effort to appease of the German Führer, English and French leaders endorse the Munich Agreement which conceded to Germany annexation of the Sudetes Mountains in Czechoslovakia. On September 1st 1939, Germany invaded Poland; two days later, the United Kingdom, France and other countries declare war on Germany. It will last six long years and spread to several continents and oceans.
Like all conflicts, the Second World War accelerated technological development; periods of crisis are favourable to new inventions, in part because the sense urgency promotes creativity and also because funds allocated to technological development by Governments are, if not unlimited, at least greatly increased. I will not attempt to exhaustively list all technologies of war. For these chronicles, I have chosen to cover aviation and space.
I will begin next week with the Blitzkrieg period, the concept of lightning war which allowed Hitler to invade the Europe, then Africa.
The late thirties see the Great Depression, which lasted for the better part of the decade, subside little by little. Western democracies focus on how to kick start their respective economies; therefore they primarily aim to maintain peace in Europe and, in doing so, show tolerance for Hitler. The annexation of Austria resulting from the 1938 Anschluss, is Germany's first step to expand the boundaries imposed by the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War. At a conference in Munich in September 1938, in an effort to appease of the German Führer, English and French leaders endorse the Munich Agreement which conceded to Germany annexation of the Sudetes Mountains in Czechoslovakia. On September 1st 1939, Germany invaded Poland; two days later, the United Kingdom, France and other countries declare war on Germany. It will last six long years and spread to several continents and oceans.
Like all conflicts, the Second World War accelerated technological development; periods of crisis are favourable to new inventions, in part because the sense urgency promotes creativity and also because funds allocated to technological development by Governments are, if not unlimited, at least greatly increased. I will not attempt to exhaustively list all technologies of war. For these chronicles, I have chosen to cover aviation and space.
I will begin next week with the Blitzkrieg period, the concept of lightning war which allowed Hitler to invade the Europe, then Africa.
Saturday, May 30, 2009
Buyer beware!
What we have all noticed in supermarkets has been confirmed by Statistics Canada; for the period of 12 months ending in April, the price of food bought in stores has increased significantly. The average increase is 8.3%, but this statistic hides another reality; the price of some foods has increased much more. Such is the case of fresh vegetables (+26.0%) and fresh fruits (+16.8%), of which Health Canada recommends between 7 and 10 portions daily for adults. For these products, the consumer must absolutely compare prices in different stores, because differences are important and prices vary considerably from week to week.
The consumer must also be vigilant with respect to changes in product sizes, a phenomenon that manifests itself in recent years, but gains momentum it would seem. Thus, I have recently noticed that the large size of cheese bar of a well known brand has recently diminished from 600 g to 500 g... while its price increased.
The consumer must also be vigilant with respect to changes in product sizes, a phenomenon that manifests itself in recent years, but gains momentum it would seem. Thus, I have recently noticed that the large size of cheese bar of a well known brand has recently diminished from 600 g to 500 g... while its price increased.
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